Recent studies have underscored the important relationship between diabetes and dementia, a connection that is particularly significant in India, where over 101 million people are affected by diabetes and life expectancy is increasing.
While diabetes is commonly associated with complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, and feet, the implications for brain health often go unnoticed. Prolonged high blood sugar levels lead to stress and inflammation, which can damage brain cells and neural connections. This damage is linked to cognitive decline, mild memory deficits, and the potential progression to dementia. Insulin plays a vital role in brain function as it enables the brain to process glucose; individuals with diabetes frequently develop insulin resistance, which impairs energy supply to brain cells, resulting in cognitive challenges and the risk of dementia.
Dementia manifests in various forms, each affecting the brain uniquely. Alzheimer’s disease, the most prevalent type, is characterized by a buildup of amyloid and amylin plaques, leading to memory loss, mood fluctuations, and confusion. Vascular dementia arises from reduced blood supply to the brain, resulting in slowed cognitive function and decision-making abilities. Lewy Body dementia is marked by the presence of protein clumps that can induce sleep disturbances and hallucinations, while frontotemporal dementia primarily affects personality and speech.
Increased Risk
Research indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes face double the risk of developing dementia compared to those without the condition. Extended periods of poorly controlled diabetes further heighten this risk. MRI studies have demonstrated that diabetes accelerates brain atrophy, particularly in the hippocampus, a region critical for memory and learning. Vascular dementia also occurs more frequently in people with diabetes, often alongside cardiovascular issues, strokes, and damage to the eyes and kidneys.
Nevertheless, effective diabetes management can greatly mitigate the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Strategies include regular physical activity, a balanced diet rich in fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants, as well as consistent monitoring of blood sugar levels to avoid extreme fluctuations. Maintaining normal blood pressure and cholesterol levels is also crucial for brain protection.
Mental stimulation, adequate sleep, and effective stress management are vital for sustaining brain health. It is essential for all diabetics over the age of 60 to undergo routine dementia screenings to reduce risks; for instance, the Healthy Ageing Clinic offers such evaluations to elderly diabetes patients.
Looking Forward
New biochemical markers may help predict the likelihood of dementia occurring years in advance. The integration of digital diabetes care technologies and artificial intelligence holds promise for identifying cognitive decline, potentially allowing for personalized preventive measures. A comprehensive approach is essential; those showing early signs of dementia should receive coordinated care from diabetologists, neurologists, psychologists, and dietitians. Promising new medications for dementia treatment are also emerging. Ultimately, the objective is to ensure that individuals with diabetes can enjoy longevity while maintaining both physical and mental well-being.
Dr V Mohan, Chairman, Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre
(The writer is Chairman, Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre. The views expressed are personal.)
2. Maintain controlled blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol
3. Avoid significant fluctuations in blood sugar levels (high or low)
4. Increase consumption of fruits and vegetables
5. Engage in regular exercise
6. Prioritize good quality sleep (minimum of six hours per night)
7. Incorporate yoga, pranayama, and meditation into daily routines
8. Explore new languages or hobbies
9. Engage in puzzles and brain teasers, such as sudoku
10. Foster a positive outlook and maintain social interactions
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Published on November 17, 2025
